Dandruff: causes and how to prevent them

Dandruff is a common condition that affects the scalp in millions around the world. They appear as white or yellow flakes of dead skin, which can be uncomfortable and embarrassing. Dandruff is often accompanied by itching and irritation, and is mainly caused by an overgrowth of fungi that are naturally present on the scalp or as a result of factors such as dry skin, sensitivity to hair products, or some other skin condition. But dandruff can be controlled with proper care and routine.

We will address what causes their appearance, and the best effective ways to maintain a healthy and dandruff-free scalp.

Causes of dandruff

1. Fungi growth (Malassezia)

The most common primary cause of dandruff is a fungus called Malassezia globosa, which is found naturally on the scalp. This mushroom feeds on sebum, a natural oil produced by the sebace glands. When Malassezia breaks down sebum, oleic acid is produced, which can cause irritation in people who are allergic to it. This irritation increases the speed of skin cell shedding, resulting in a visible dandruff. In people with dandruff, this process occurs faster than usual, making dandruff more noticeable.

2. Dry skin

Cold, dry weather can dry the scalp, causing flaking. Unlike dandruff caused by fungal growth, dandruff caused by dry skin is usually smaller and less oily. When the skin is deprived of moisture, it can become rough and excessively peel off. People who have naturally dry skin are more prone to this type of dandruff, especially in the colder months when heating systems and low humidity increase skin dryness.

3. Allergy to hair products (contact dermatitis)

Some people develop dandruff-like symptoms as an allergic reaction to certain hair products, a condition known as contact dermatitis. This allergy can be caused by certain ingredients in shampoos, conditioners or hair dyes, especially those that contain strong fragrances, alcohol or strong chemicals such as sulfates and parabens. Contact dermatitis can lead to itching, redness and scaling of the scalp, resembling dandruff.

4. Lack of hygiene in the scalp

Poor washing or not rinsing hair thoroughly can allow the accumulation of oils and dead skin cells, creating a favorable environment for dandruff to develop. Although excessive hair washing can lead to dry scalp, too little hair wash can lead to excess sebum buildup, promoting fungal growth and dandruff formation.

5. Stress and hormonal changes

Stress doesn't directly cause dandruff, but it can make it worse. When stressed, the body's immune system can weaken, making it easier for the fungi that cause dandruff to multiply. Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during puberty or pregnancy, can increase oil production in the scalp, which can lead to dandruff.

6. Seborrheic dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis is a more severe form of oily skin irritation. It usually affects areas rich in sebaceous glands, such as the scalp, face and chest. In this case, the skin becomes oily, red, covered with white or yellow scales. It is similar to a normal dandruff but also includes an immune response that causes inflammation. Common triggers for worsening the condition include stress, hormonal changes, and extreme weather.

How to prevent dandruff

1. Use an anti-dandruff shampoo

Anti-dandruff shampoos contain ingredients that target dandruff-causing causes such as fungal growth and excess oil. Look for shampoos that contain ingredients such as:

● Zinc pyrithione: reduces fungal growth and inflammation.

● Ketoconazole: A powerful antifungal that helps control malassezia.

Salicylic acid: exfoliates dead skin cells and helps remove scalp buildup.

● Tar: slows down the process of skin cell regeneration, which is useful in cases of seborrheic dermatitis.

Use an anti-dandruff shampoo two to three times a week, or as directed on the product.

2. Keep the scalp clean

Wash your hair regularly to remove excess oil, dead skin cells, and product buildup. A hygienic washing routine helps control the environment in which the fungus that causes dandruff grows. Avoid excessive hair washing, as it may lead to dry scalp and increased flaking.

3. Moisturize the scalp

Dry skin is one of the common causes of dandruff. Choose a gentle moisturizing shampoo and avoid harsh sulfates. You can also use scalp oils (such as coconut oil or tea tree oil) to keep the scalp hydrated. Massage the oil on the scalp and leave it for 10-15 minutes before washing it and this should be done especially in the winter as the cold leads to drying out of the scalp.

4. Avoid hair products that irritate the scalp

Perfumes, alcohol and harsh chemicals in styling products can irritate the scalp, leading to dandruff-like symptoms. Choose products that are intended for sensitive scalps or gentle ingredients. Try spending days without products to relieve your scalp of potentially irritating substances.

5. Reduce stress

Stress can increase dandruff by affecting hormone levels and immune system response, facilitating fungal growth on the scalp. Try stress management techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, exercise, or hobbies to help you relax.

6. Eat a balanced diet

Deficiencies of certain nutrients such as zinc, B vitamins, and healthy fats can affect the health of the skin and scalp. Include foods rich in these elements such as leafy greens, whole grains, nuts, and fatty fish to support scalp balance.